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APTN's (documentary-series)

Tanya Talaga's

All My Relations

Cajete, G. A. (2005). . New Directions for Student Services, 109, 69-78.

Canadian Government's Approach to Land Claim Agreements

Lawrence, B. (2012). Aboriginal title and comprehensive claims process (pp.54-82). In Fractured Homeland: Federal Recognition and Algonquin Identity in Ontario. Vancouver: UBC Press.

Samson, C. (2016). Canada's strategy of dispossession: Aboriginal land and rights cessions in comprehensive land claims. Canadian Journal of Law and Society, 31(1), 87. doi:10.1017/cls.2016.2

[Video]

Usher, P. J. (1992). Reclaiming the land: Aboriginal Title, Treaty Rights and Land Claims in Canada. Applied Geography, 12(2), 109-132.

Usher, P. J. (2003).. The Canadian Geographer, 47(4), 365-382.

Canada’s 1982 Constitution on Aboriginal and Treaty Rights

Turpel, M. E. . Canadian Woman Studies, 10(2&3), 149-157.

McNeil, K. (1982). . Supreme Court Law Review, 4(255), 255-265.

are constitutionally recognized agreements between the Crown and Aboriginal peoples. Most of these agreements describe exchanges where Aboriginal groups agree to share some of their interests in their ancestral lands in return for various payments and promises.

Changes in Legal Definitions of Status for Particular Indigenous Groups and Their Impact

Delgamuukw vs the Queen and Indigenous Legal and Oral Traditions

Borrows, J. (2011). Listening for change: The courts and oral tradition. Osgoode Hall Law Journal, 39(1), 1-38.

Borrows, J. (2005). Indigenous Legal Traditions in Canada. Washington University Journal of Law & Policy. 

Napolean, V. (2005). Delgamuukw: A legal straightjacket for oral histories? Canadian Journal of Law and Society, 20(2), 123-155.

“Delgamuukw continues to represent a momentous affirmation of the existence and constitutionally protected status of Aboriginal title in Canada. It seems important, however, to underscore the fact that the Court did not rule on the merits of the Gitxsan and Wet’suwet’en Aboriginal title claim. The effects of its decision are therefore more directive than conclusive. Delgamuukw provided government, Aboriginal claimants, and the lower courts with comprehensive new guidelines for the future settlement or litigation of the Gitxsan and Wet’suwet’en and other comprehensive land claims.”

First Nations and Inuit Post-Secondary Funding

Carr-Stewart, S. (2011). . First Nations Perspectives, 4(1): 84-109.

First Nations Living Off Reserve

[Documentary]

Peters, E., Anderson, C. (Eds.) (2013). . Vancouver, BC: UBC Press.

Kermoal, N. (2013). Connecting urban and Aboriginal histories: Towards an urban Aboriginal history in Québec. Revue Internationale sur l'Autochtonie, 5, 1-12.

First Nations, ��é�پ���, and Inuit Authors

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Check out these filmmakers on 

First Nations, ��é�پ���, and Inuit Musicians

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Governments Limiting Land Claims From 1927 to 1951: First Nations Hiring Lawyers Was Illegal 

"Amendments to the made it illegal for First Nations peoples and communities to hire lawyers or bring about land claims against the government without the government’s consent."

Indigenous Conceptions of Health and Wellness

[Video]

[Audio podcast] 

Graveline, F. J. (1998). Circle works: Transforming Eurocentric consciousness. Halifax: Fernwood Publishing.

Howell, T., Auger, M., Gomes, T., Brown, F.L., Leon, A.Y. (2016). Sharing our wisdom: A holistic Aboriginal health initiative. International Journal of Indigenous Health, 11(1): 111-132.

Kirmayer, L. J., & Valaskakis, G. G. (2009). Healing traditions: The mental health of Aboriginal peoples in Canada. Vancouver: UBC Press.

Archibald, L., Dewar, J., Reid, C., Stevens, V., Canadian Electronic Library (Firm), & Aboriginal Healing Foundation (Canada). (2012). Dancing, singing, painting, and speaking the healing story: Healing through creative arts. Ottawa: Aboriginal Healing Foundation.

Oster, R. T., Grier, A., Lightning, R., Mayan, M. J., & Toth, E. L. (2014). International Journal for Equity in Health, 13(1), 92-92. 

Marquina-Márquez, A., Virchez, J., & Ruiz-Callado, R. (2016). Postcolonial healing landscapes and mental health in a remote Indigenous community in subarctic Ontario, Canada. Polar Geography, 39(1), 20-39.

Indigenous Languages and Language Revitalization

McCarty, T. L., Romero, M. E., Zepeda, O. (2006). Reclaiming the gift: Indigenous youth counter-narratives on Native Language loss and revitalization. The American Indian Quarterly, 30(1&2), 28-48.

Thomas, A., Paynter, F., Manitoba First Nations Education Resource Centre Inc. (2010). . First Nations Perspectives, 3(1): 48-64.

Factors Promoting Indigenous Health

Auger, M., Howell, T., & Gomes, T. (2016). Moving toward holistic wellness, empowerment and self-determination for Indigenous peoples in Canada: Can traditional Indigenous health care practices increase ownership over health and health care decisions? Canadian Journal of Public Health/Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique, 107(4-5), e393. doi:10.17269/CJPH.107.5366

Oster, R. T., Grier, A., Lightning, R., Mayan, M. J., & Toth, E. L. (2014). . International Journal for Equity in Health, 13(1), 92-92. 

Snowshoe, A., Crooks, C. V., Tremblay, P. F., & Hinson, R. E. (2017). Cultural connectedness and its relation to mental wellness for First Nations youth. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 38(1), 67-86. doi:10.1007/s10935-016-0454-3

Riecken, T., Tanaka, M. T., & Scott, T. (2006). First Nations youth reframing the focus: Cultural knowledge as a site for health education. Canadian Journal of Native Education, 29(1), 29.

Sasakamoose, J., Bellegarde, T., Sutherland, W., Pete, S., McKay-McNabb, K. (2017). . The International Indigenous Policy Journal, 8(4): 1-16. 

Auger, M. D. (2016). . The International Indigenous Policy Journal,7(4). 

Hill, G.L.P. (2008). . Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive). 

First Nations, ��é�پ���, and Inuit Population in Canada

Infrastructure, Water Quality, and Housing on Reserves: Issues Around Access to Resources and Appropriation of Land

O'Gorman, M., & Penner, S. (2018). Water infrastructure and well-being among First Nations, ��é�پ��� and Inuit individuals in Canada: What does the Data tell us? Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 1-18.

Inuit in a Changing World

Martin, D.H. (2011). “Now we got lots to eat and they’re telling us not to eat it”: Understanding changes to south-east Labrador Inuit relationships to food." International Journal of Circumpolar Health, 70(4): 384-95.

is a way of looking at the effects climate change has on the people and environment of Nunavut, over time.

is the way we change our behaviour to deal with the impacts of climate change. In Nunavut, that can mean anything from finding new hunting routes as sea levels change to altering the way we build our homes as permafrost thaws. 

Inuit Relocation, 1950s and 1960s

Film]

Jordan’s Principle Addresses Jurisdictional Disputes

[Video]

Laws of Indigenous Assimilation in Canada: The Loss of Status and Barriers to Community Well-Being

Coates, K. (2008). . Research Paper for the National Centre for First Nations Governance.

The Long-Term Impact of ��é�پ��� Leader Louis Riel’s Execution in 1885

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Doyle, D. G. (2017). Louis Riel: Let justice be done. Vancouver: Ronsdale Press.

“was the first major Aboriginal Rights case concerning ��é�پ��� peoples. The Powley decision resulted in “the Powley Test,” which laid out a set of criteria to not only define what might constitute a ��é�پ��� right, but also who is entitled to those rights.  Although the Powley decision defined ��é�پ��� rights as they relate to hunting, many legal experts and ��é�پ��� leaders view the Powley case as potentially instrumental in the future of recognizing ��é�پ��� rights.”

Nation-to-Nation Relationships

Nickerson, M. (2017). Characteristics of a nation-to-nation relationship. Institute on Governance.

[Videos]

Ongomiizwin: The Indigenous Institute of Health and Healing

Ongomiizwin 'Clearing a path for generations to come'

Positive Changes Driven by First Nations, ��é�پ��� and Inuit Peoples

Castellano, M. B., Archibald, L. (2013). . 

[Documentary]

Prime Minister's Apology to Aboriginal Peoples Concerning Indian Residential Schools, June 11 2008

Henderson J., Wakeham, P. (2009). Colonial reckoning, national reconciliation?: Aboriginal Peoples and the Culture of Redress in Canada. ESC, 35(1), 1-26.

Dorell, M. (2009). From reconciliation to reconciling: Reading what “we now recognize” in the Government of Canada’s 2008 Residential Schools Apology. ESC, 35(1), 27-45.

MacKinnon, S. (2012). . Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives.

Prime Minister Justin Trudeau’s Statement of Apology to Former Students of the Newfoundland and Labrador Residential Schools

Relationship Between Reserves and Traditional Territories 

[Digital Collection]

– “During the 19th century, Indigenous people were moved off their land and onto reserves, which represented only a portion of their original territory. These reserves were allocated through the establishment of treaties and through the Indian Reserve Commission. Today, federally recognized First Nations live on and operate their own governments on reserves. However, First Nations have traditional territories beyond reserves.”

Harris, C. (2002). Making native space: Colonialism, resistance, and reserves in British Columbia. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.

Significant Barriers to Health for Indigenous Peoples in Canada

Goodman, A., Fleming, K., Markwick, N., Morrison, T., Lagimodiere, L., Kerr, T., & Western Aboriginal Harm Reduction Society. (2017). "They treated me like crap and I know it was because I was native": The healthcare experiences of Aboriginal peoples living in Vancouver's inner city. Social Science & Medicine, 178, 87. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.01.053

Brown, H. J., McPherson, G., Peterson, R., Newman, V., & Cranmer, B. (2012). Our land, our language: Connecting dispossession and health equity in an Indigenous context. The Canadian Journal of Nursing Research/Revue Canadienne De Recherche En Sciences Infirmieres, 44(2), 44.

Nelson, S. E., & Wilson, K. (2018). Understanding barriers to health care access through cultural safety and ethical space: Indigenous people's experiences in Prince George, Canada. Social Science & Medicine, doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.09.017

Webster, P. (2018). Language barriers restricting access to health care for Indigenous populations. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 190(24), E754-E755. doi:10.1503/cmaj.109-5613

Larson, B., Herx, L., Williamson, T., & Crowshoe, L. (2011). Beyond the barriers: Family medicine residents’ attitudes towards providing aboriginal health care. Medical Education, 45(4), 400-406. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2010.03892.x

Auger, M., Howell, T., & Gomes, T. (2016). Moving toward holistic wellness, empowerment and self-determination for Indigenous peoples in Canada: Can traditional Indigenous health care practices increase ownership over health and health care decisions? Canadian Journal of Public Health/ Revue Canadienne De Sante Publique, 107(4-5), e393. doi:10.17269/CJPH.107.5366

Lavoie, J. G., Kaufert, J., Browne, A. J., Mah, S., O'Neil, J. D., Sinclair, S., & BlueSky, K. (2015). Negotiating barriers, navigating the maze: First Nation peoples' experience of medical relocation. Canadian Public Administration, 58(2), 295-314. doi:10.1111/capa.12111

Habjan, S., Prince, H., & Kelley, M. L. (2012). Caregiving for elders in First Nations communities: Social system perspective on barriers and challenges. Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue Canadienne Du Vieillissement, 31(2), 209-222. doi:10.1017/S071498081200013X

Chambers, L., & Burnett, K. (2017). Jordan's Principle: The struggle to access on-reserve health care for high-needs Indigenous children in Canada. American Indian Quarterly, 41(2), 101-124. doi:10.5250/amerindiquar.41.2.0101

[Radio]

Li, R. (2017). Indigenous identity and traditional medicine: Pharmacy at the crossroads. Canadian Pharmacists Journal / Revue Des Pharmaciens Du Canada, 150(5), 279-281. doi:10.1177/1715163517725020

Systemic Racism

The Aim of Residential Schools

Bev, S. (2013). . Vancouver, BC: Talonbooks. 

Kelm, M. (1996).. Native Studies Review, 11(2), 51-88.

Milloy, J. S. (1999). . Winnipeg: The University of Manitoba Press.

Smith, D. (2001). The "Policy of Aggressive Civilization" and projects of governance in Roman Catholic Industrial Schools for Native peoples in Canada, 1870-95. Anthropologica, 43(2), 253-271.

The Consequences of Residential Schools For First Nations, ��é�پ���, and Inuit People

[Video]

Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada & University of Manitoba. National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation. (2016). A knock on the door: The essential history of residential schools from the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (& abridg ed.). Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press.

Grant, A. (1996). No end of grief: Indian Residential Schools in Canada. Winnipeg: Pemmican Pub.

Bombay, A., Matheson, K., & Anisman, H. (2014). The intergenerational effects of Indian residential schools: Implications for the concept of historical trauma. Transcultural Psychiatry, 51(3), 320-338. 

O’Neill, L., Fraser, T., Kitchenham, A., & McDonald, V. (2018). Hidden burdens: A review of intergenerational, historical and complex trauma, implications for Indigenous families. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 11(2), 173-186. doi:10.1007/s40653-016-0117-9

Partridge, C. (2010). . Native Social Work Journal, 7: pp.33-62. 

The Roles of the Churches in Administering Residential Schools

: "58. We call upon the Pope to issue an apology to Survivors, their families, and communities for the Roman Catholic Church’s role in the spiritual, cultural, emotional, physical, and sexual abuse of First Nations, Inuit, and ��é�پ��� children in Catholic-run residential schools. We call for that apology to be similar to the 2010 apology issued to Irish victims of abuse and to occur within one year of the issuing of this Report and to be delivered by the Pope in Canada."

Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada & University of Manitoba. National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation. (2016). A knock on the door: The essential history of residential schools from the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada (& abridg ed.). Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press.

The Burden of Continuity and Proof for Indigenous Peoples' Rights and Its Effects on Canadian Society

Borrows, J. (2016). Freedom and Indigenous Constitutionalism. London: University of Toronto Press.

Borrows, J. (2012). (Ab)originalism and Canada’s Constitution. The Supreme Court Law Review: Osgoode’s Annual Constitutional Cases Conference58.

McCreary, T. (2014). The burden of sovereignty: Court configurations of Indigenous and state authority in Aboriginal title litigation in Canada. North American Dialogue, 17(2), 64-78. doi:10.1111/nad.12016

Borrows, J. (2011). . Asch, M (Ed.). Vancouver, BC: UBC Press.

Arnot, David. (2010, June 10). . Unpublished paper presented at The Crown in Canada: Present Realities and Future Options, Ottawa.

The 1876 Indian Act: Defining "Indian" Status and Exclusion From Full Membership in Canadian Society 

Borrows, J. (2008). . Research Paper for the National Centre for First Nations Governance. 

Cannon, M. J. (2006). . Canadian Review of Social Policy, 56, 40-71.

The 1876 Indian Act: Gender Discrimination and its Continuing Effects

Lawrence, B. (2003). Gender, race, and the regulation of native identity in Canada and the United States. Hypatia, 18(2), 3-31.

Borrows, J., Rotman, L.I. (2012). Aboriginal women. In Aboriginal legal issues: Cases, materials and commentary (2nd ed). Markham: LexisNexis Canada.

Cannon, M.J. (2014). Race Matters: Sexism, Indigenous Sovereignty, and McIvor. Canadian Journal of Women and the Law/Revue Femmes Et Droit, 26(1), 23-50. 

Palmater, P. (2011). Beyond blood: Rethinking Indigenous identity. Saskatoon: Purich. 

McIvor, S.D. (2004). Aboriginal women unmasked: Using equality litigation to advance women's rights. Canadian Journal of Women and the Law/Revue Femmes Et Droit, 16(1), 106-36. 

The 1927 Indian Act Amendment: Raising Money or Hiring Lawyers to Pursue Land Claims Is Illegal

: "When Aboriginal political organizing became more extensive in the 1920s and groups began to pursue land claims, the federal government added Section 141 to the Indian Act. Section 141 outlawed the hiring of lawyers and legal counsel by Indians, effectively barring Aboriginal peoples from fighting for their rights through the legal system. Eventually, these laws expanded to such a point that virtually any gathering was strictly prohibited and would result in a jail term.  These amendments presented a significant barrier to Aboriginal political organizing and many organizations had to disband. However, it did not entirely stop political organizing—Aboriginal organizations such as the Nisga’a Land Committee and the Native Brotherhood of British Columbia managed to continue to organize the fight for their rights underground."

The Obligation to Uphold Treaties 

[Film]

Coyle, M., & Borrows, J. (2017). The right relationship: Reimagining the implementation of historical treaties. London: University of Toronto Press.

Traditional Territories

[Video]

Tuberculosis Rates Are Higher for Indigenous Peoples

Patterson, M., Finn, S., & Barker, K. (2018). Addressing tuberculosis among Inuit in Canada. Canada Communicable Disease Report, 44(3), 82-85.

Maud, V. (2013). Perceptions of the ��é�پ��� and tuberculosis: An examination of historical works. Canadian Journal of Native Studies, 33(2), 55.

Meijer Drees, L. (2013). Healing histories: Stories from Canada's Indian hospitals (First, first printing, 2013. ed.). Edmonton: The University of Alberta Press.

Khan, F.A., Fox, G.J., Lee, R. S., Riva, M., Benedetti, A., Proulx, J., Menzies, D. (2016). Housing and tuberculosis in an Inuit village in Northern Quebec: A case-control study. Canadian Medical Association Journal Open, 4(3), E496-E506.

Komarnisky, S., Hackett, P., Abonyi, S., Heffernan, C., & Long, R. (2016). "Years ago": Reconciliation and First Nations narratives of tuberculosis in the Canadian Prairie provinces. Critical Public Health, 26(4), 381.

Vachon J, Gallant V, Siu W. (2018) . Centre for Communicable Disease and Infection Control, 44(3/4), 75-81.

Unceded Territory

Fox, G. J., Lee, R. S., Lucas, M., Khan, F. A., Proulx, J., Hornby, K., . . . Menzies, D. (2015). Inadequate diet is associated with acquiring mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in an Inuit community: A case-control study. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 12(8), 1153.

United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples on Informed Consent and the Behaviour of Businesses and the Government of Canada

Imai, S. (2017). Consult, consent, and veto: International norms and Canadian treaties. In J. Borrows & M. Coyle (Eds.), The right relationship: Reimagining the implementation of historical treaties (pp. 370–408). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.

Lenzerini, F. (2017). The land rights of Indigenous Peoples under international law. In M. Graziadei & L. Smith (Eds.), Comparative property law: Global perspectives (pp. 393–411). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.

Lightfoot, S. R. (2012). Selective endorsement without intent to implement: Indigenous rights and the anglosphere. International Journal of Human Rights, 16(1), 100–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2012.622139

United Nations Declaration. (2008). United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. United Nations General Assembly, (Resolution 61/295), 10. https://doi.org/10.1093/iclqaj/24.3.577

Venne, S. H. (2011). The road to the United Nations and Rights of Indigenous peoples. Griffith Law Review, 20(3), 557–577.

Watson, I. (2011). The 2007 Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples: Indigenous survival-- Where to from here? Griffith Law Review, 20(3), 507–514.

Hoogeveen, D. (2015). Sub‐surface property, free‐entry mineral staking and settler colonialism in Canada. Antipode, 47(1), 121-138.

Peterson St-Laurent, G., & Billon, P. L. (2015). Staking claims and shaking hands: Impact and benefit agreements as a technology of government in the mining sector. The Extractive Industries and Society, 2(3), 590-602.

Cameron, E., & Levitan, T. (2014). Impact and Benefit Agreements and the neoliberalization of resource governance and Indigenous-State relations in Northern Canada. Studies in Political Economy, 93, 1.